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The purpose of the grinding step is to remove damage from cutting, planarize the specimen(s), and to remove material approaching the area of interest. The most common metallographic abrasive used is Silicon Carbide – SiC. It is an ideal abrasive for grinding because of its hardness and sharp edges. ... Read More
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Below are the factors influence the local thickness of metal and oxide coatings by the microscopical examination of cross sections using an optical microscope. Under good conditions, when using an optical microscope, it is capable of giving an absolute measuring accuracy of 0.8 μm. This will ... Read More
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Cold mounting requires no pressure and little heat, and is a means of mounting large numbers of specimens more rapidly than by compression mounting. Materials for cold mounting are classified as polyesters, epoxides and acrylics. Polyesters are transparent and usually water clear; Epoxides are ... Read More
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The durometer selection guide cited from ASTM D2240 is designed to assist in the selection of the proper durometer type for various applications. It is generally recognized that durometer hardness determination below 20 and above 90 are unreliable. It is recommended that the next lower or higher ... Read More
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Polishing discs are covered with soft cloth impregnated with abrasive diamond particles and an oily lubricant or water lubricant. Particles of two different grades are used: a coarser polish - typically with diamond particles 6 microns in diameter which should remove the scratches produced from the ... Read More
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Surface layers damaged by cutting must be removed by grinding. Mounted specimens are ground with rotating discs of abrasive paper, for example wet silicon carbide paper. The coarseness of the paper is indicated by a number: the number of grains of silicon carbide per square inch. So, for example, ... Read More
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Mounting of specimens is usually necessary to allow them to be handled easily. It also minimizes the amount of damage likely to be caused to the specimen itself. The mounting material used should not influence the specimen as a result of chemical reaction or mechanical stresses. It should adhere ... Read More
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When cutting a specimen from a larger piece of material, care must be taken to ensure that it is representative of the features found in the larger sample, or that it contains all the information required to investigate a feature of interest. One problem is that preparation of the specimen may ... Read More
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Differential Interference Contrast (DIC), also known as Nomarski Contrast, helps to visualize small height differences on the specimen surface, thus enhancing feature contrast. DIC uses a Wollaston prism together with a polarizer and analyzer whose transmission axes are perpendicular (crossed at 90°... Read More
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Brightfield (BF) illumination is the most common illumination technique for metallographic analysis. In incident BF, the light path comes from the light source, passes through the objective lens, is reflected off the surface of the specimen, returns through the objective, and finally reaches the ... Read More
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